Moore's Law
Gordon Moore (1965): the number of transistors on a chip doubles every ~18-24 months at constant cost. From 2300 transistors (4004, 1971) to 208 billion (B200, 2024) = factor ~90 million in 53 years. The law is slowing down below 3nm.
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The semiconductor check is the new geopolitical oil. TSMC produces over 90% of advanced chips under 7nm. The US export controls in 2022 (NVIDIA H100, A100 Entity List) have defined a new frontier for technological competition between the United States and China.
Open Instruction Set Architecture for RISC-V
RISC-V (Berkeley, 2010) is the only completely open-source ISA with a foundation governance model (RISC-V International). SiFive, Espressif and StarFive are bringing RISC-V cores to edge AI and data center applications (SiFive P870, 2024), offering an alternative potential for ARM in this decade.
Artificial Intelligence Processors (Dwarkesh)
The AI training GPU demand has made Nvidia the world's most valued chipmaker (>$3T in 2024). The H100 is approximately $30-40k per unit on the secondary market. The real bottleneck isn't just the number of CUDA cores, but rather NVIDIA’s huge lead over competitors with High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) technology.